Homelessness Of The United States Essay - 1459 Words

Jessy Clark Dr Iudicello English 102 30 November 2016 Homelessness in America â€Å"On a single night in January 2015, there were 564,708 people experiencing homelessness in the United States. Sixty-nine percent of those who were homeless were in sheltered locations and 31 percent were found in unsheltered locations† (Facts). People living in poverty are most likely have a high risk becoming homeless. Many other reasons why becoming homeless is due to economic conditions such as unemployment and increasing housing costs (Why). In addition, with all the new economic rules they are at higher risk of losing what they have already. In certain areas, homeless people are families, single mothers, and children are a major issue in homelessness. However, the number of homeless is families who has children had increased more over the past decade or so. It is the fastest growing division of the homeless population. The problem of homelessness in America is growing drastically. It is an issue that can strike at anyone in each moment and least expect when the situa tion occurs. Therefore, this should be addressed as a major crisis than an inconvenient issue. The National Alliance to End Homelessness and the Government should come together to create a solution to end all homelessness around America for once and for all. As homelessness describes back in â€Å"1640s homelessness was seen as a moral of weakness, a character flaw† (America). If someone found one self in the 1600s homeless they hadShow MoreRelatedHomelessness in the United States952 Words   |  4 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of poverty on young children and their families. The focus will be on homelessness and how the child is affected in two major settings: the home, or lack of, and school. In both of these settings, children are impacted by different social forces and must push through barriers that are set before them given their circumstance. â€Å"Living without permanent, long-term housing creates a number of stressors for children and families, but being homelessRead MoreIs Homelessness The United States?1384 Words   |  6 Pagesmeant by homelessness in the United States? Homelessness is something that can be temporary or chronic. It is when an individual or family does not have and cannot afford a suitable place to live long term. Things like staying in a shelter, one room facilities (motel) or staying with a family member or friend does not mean you are not homeless. If you cannot afford suitable long term accommodations yourself, then you are considered homeless. When you are referring to youth homelessness they areRead MoreHomelessness : The United States1214 Words   |  5 Pagesmoney to pay to live in their previous homes. Homelessness occurs when people or households cannot afford housing. 3.5 million people yearly experience homelessness in the United States, and it is time to take action to end the suffering of homeless people. The U.S. government should execute plans to make housing low-cost and more jobs that are high-paying to reduce homelessness in the U.S. Homelessness has always been a problem in the United States but just not as widespread as it is now. â€Å"TheRead MoreThe Homelessness Of The United States978 Words   |  4 Pagesin the United States? I believe that it is everyone’s responsibility. As of January 2015 the homeless count in America was 564,708 people (Fluit, 2015). Even though this is a decline in homeless in America this is still unacceptable. As Americans we need to do all that we can to decrease these numbers. There is so much we could do that would go a long way to help our homeless, like donating time or money to the proper organizations. â€Å"In January 2015, 358,422 people experienced homelessness as individualsRead MoreHomelessness And The United States863 Words   |  4 Pages Homelessness has always been a present problem in the United States. It is caused by many factors that some of us are not aware of. The situations of these people hurt their families and local communities alike. Two sources were examined for their content on these issues. This essay describes the hardships of homelessness and what can be done to help these people. Helping the Homeless Many people have gotten to experience what life is like in big cities or small ruralRead MoreThe Homelessness Of The United States1803 Words   |  8 PagesEnding Homelessness Homelessness in the United States can be ended, not just maintained. Allot of cities now have plans to eradicate homelessness. Homelessness and housing instability are large issues that afflict a diverse demographic such as: Families, youth, veterans, and chronically homeless single male adults. Ending homelessness may require specialized solutions that are specific to individual needs. Factors like these make defeating homelessness a difficult task. Although solutions existRead MoreThe State of Homelessness in the United States Essay586 Words   |  3 PagesHomelessness became a huge problem in everywhere especially in the USA. Most people heard homeless people, and they saw homeless people in the streets, markets, or bridges. Most people never try to understand why there is much homelessness. Most people do not know any facts about them seem the truth of homelessness, the state of homelessness in the United States, and the effect on people from homelessness. Many causes become the answers to homeless people. The most easy understanding of homelessnessRead MoreHomelessness in the United States Essay1461 Words   |  6 PagesNational Student Campaign Against Hunger and Homelessness, â€Å"approximately 3.5 million people are homeless each year, while 36.3 million live in households without enough food.† This statistic only reflects the United States, and to many people, it just doesn’t make sense. For instance Alfredzine Black of the YWCA in Marion, Indiana says, â€Å"I don’t understand why we have so much poverty in the richest country in the world!† Citizens of the United States have a hard time defining and identifying povertyRead MoreThe Effects Of Homelessness On The United States1218 Words   |  5 Pagesof homelessness with 983 documented homeless individuals according to a 2015 Modesto Bee study and sadly, the amount increases as surrounding areas begin to enforce strict laws. These laws criminalize and relocate homeless folk to our county. There are no exceptions to the cold reality of homelessness: men, women, children, military veterans, individuals, and families are included in the rising numbers of homelessness in Stanislaus County. According to the National Law Center on Homelessness andRead MoreEssay on Homelessness in the United States1520 Words   |  7 PagesHomelessness in the United States During the 1980’s the number of homeless people, those without a house in which to reside, increased at an alarming rate. Many analysts have given much time and thought as to the reasons that this phenomenon occurred. They cite economic instability and government policies with facts and figures to support their work. Beyond the research and cold statistics that explain this event, are the victims, and those that worked to help relieve their hardship. An interview

My Writing Of A College Level Writing Course - 993 Words

At the beginning of the term, I came into this class not feeling very confident about my writing. I had taken writing classes in the past, but none to the extent of a college level writing course. One of the skills that I found I lacked the most was my vocabulary. While my writing structure was often not a problem my writing did not sound as sophisticated as it could be. I occasionally used a thesaurus but this would often cause problems as sometimes the words would not quite agree with the meaning of my sentence. Throughout the term the one thing that helped me the most with this problem were the workshops. As my peers corrected my paper they helped me to come up with more intelligent words to get my point across to the reader. I believe that without the inclusion of these workshops my essays would not have been as cleanly written. For upcoming classes one aspect of writing that I would like to focus on is my ability to stay on topic. A lot of the time I tend to become so engulfed i n one reasoning for my argument that my mind begins to wander elsewhere. Ultimately my essay structure will suffer because of this, so in order to stay more focused I want to start making outlines before I write out my essays. With an outline it will be easier for me to stay on topic since I will have a structure to follow. Also by having an outline I can find my quotes and compose my topic sentences ahead of time, making it easier for me to see if my ideas will fit well together. This will alsoShow MoreRelatedGraduation Speech : College Writing Course856 Words   |  4 Pagesof familiarity for first- year college writing, a small portfolio of the student’s work was submitted to help high schools students become more prepared for the college writing techniques. A college writing course is much different than a high school class. Although the course is only a semester long, instead of the traditional year long class high schools provide, I have learned how to write a stronge r essay in a shorter amount of learning time. For this portfolio my previous work is highlightedRead MoreEnglish Reflection1351 Words   |  6 Pagesbeing a high school level writer to a college-level writer. However, English 10 has by far been my best experience in writing. By taking this course I have retrieved many helpful elements, that will help me become a successful writer throughout college. In high school, essays often gave me stress and anxiety, however, when taking English 10, I was able to learn to enjoy the process of writing purposefully and mindfully. Even though, I have taken advanced placement English courses in high school andRead MorePurpose Of Writing988 Words   |  4 PagesPersonally, writing has always been a difficult and daunting task. I always found myself asking, â€Å"Why is this required?† â€Å"How is this helping me and preparing me for my future?† â€Å"What’s the point?† However, at the completion of my writing 122 cours e I have come to realize how important writing is for my future. Some may think that taking a writing course is not necessary and shouldn’t be considered a â€Å"requirement† to graduate. However, you go through your whole life needing writing skills. No matterRead MoreMy Career Goals For A Surgical Missionary1256 Words   |  6 Pagesdriven person, and I believe that my current career goals reflect that. I want to be a surgical missionary. I often joke with people that my goal career title is â€Å"world-changer,† but joking aside I do hope to make a difference one day. To do that, I am going to be in school for a very long time. School means that papers are going to be written, while English class might have a few more papers than other subjects, every class is going to require some type of writing at some point. Furthermore, in theRead MoreMotivation For The College Student974 Words   |  4 Pagesbecame her motivation to start over, create a new life, and start rediscovering herself. For the college student, motivation is a personal aspiration with much hard work. The college writing student will focus on increasing writing abilities and becoming a better writer by class end. With a deep-rooted motivation, the learning to write process will continue to be built and perfected over the course of the student’s time in school. For example, I feel that I can write well, yet there are areas thatRead MoreEssay Application Letter862 Words   |  4 Pages I am writing to apply for the position of ESL/English Instructor in the Department of English at the College of Western Idaho. I hold a doctoral of philosophy in Foreign, Second, and Multilingual Language Education (within the TESOL program) with an interdisciplinary specialization in Educational Technology from the Ohio State University (OSU). Moreover, I have experience in teaching EFL and ESL learners English. I am confident that my academic and experiential exposure enable me to make contributionsRead Mor eMy Reading And Writing Skills1484 Words   |  6 Pageswas terrified walking into my third attempt at Engl 1010 this semester. I attempted and failed this class twice already so I was worried about what was to come, more failing grades, more difficult papers to write, and more confusion. I wrote about this concern in my Literacy Narrative assignment. I realized for the first time my easy high school years had hurt me academically, and that as a college freshman, my reading and writing skills were at an eighth grade level. I tried, but was unable toRead MoreEnglish 111 Evaluation Essay623 Words   |  3 Pagesof academic writing. This is a prerequisite English class for higher-level English education. By the end of this course a student will have gained a great deal of practice in the craft of writing. This essay will evaluate the English 111 textbooks, essays, self-reflections, the instructor, and what I personally learned. The English 111 textbook had effective sample essays and diagrams of outlines. The Successful College Writing Textbook is the textbook used for the English 111 course. This textbookRead MoreEducator Application Essay982 Words   |  4 Pages I am writing to apply for the position of Educator Preparation of ELL/ESL, Literacy faculty at Wayne State College. I hold a doctor of philosophy degree in Foreign, Second, and Multilingual Language Education (within the TESOL program) with an interdisciplinary specialization in Educational Technology. Moreover, I have experience in teaching diverse learners English in EFL and ESL settings. I am confident that my educational background and teaching experience enable me to make contributionsRead MoreApplication Letter Application Essay933 Words   |  4 Pages I am writing to apply for the faculty position in the ESL program at Cuyahoga Community College (CCC). I hold a doctoral of philosophy degree in Foreign, Second, and Multilingual Language Education (within the TESOL program) with an interdisciplinary specialization in Educational Technology. Moreover, I have experience in teaching diverse learners English in EFL and ESL settings. I am confident that my academic and experiential exposure enable me to contribute to the ESL program at CCC in terms

Spirituality Article The Role of the Healthcare Chaplain

Question: Describe about the Spirituality Article of The Role of the Healthcare Chaplain? Answer: Spirituality is evolving, disputed and problematic concept. There are two edges to the meaning of spirituality; both methodologies recognize a quest for importance. For some individuals, divine vicinity is the key focus; for others, spirituality is a mainstream idea including inward life, individual conviction and emphasizing on self (Iriss.org.uk, 2015). Spirituality is characterized in a few courses as it relates to distinctive perspective of world view (Puchalski, 2004). Worldview can be defined as duty, a key introduction of the heart, that can be communicated as a story or in an arrangement of presuppositions (suppositions which may be genuine, in part genuine or totally false) which an individual holds (intentionally or subliminally, reliably or conflictingly) about the fundamental constitution of reality, and that gives the establishment on which people live and move and have their being (AllAboutWorldview.org, 2015). This essay would relate the worldview to Pluralism, Scienti sm and Postmodernism context of religion and modern culture. The notion of spiritual worldview includes both spirituality and religion. Additionally it also includes different philosophical and sociological beliefs (Tilburt, 2010). It might include the non-theist spirituality, or the new age concepts, utilitarianism or humanism etc. For many individual, this spiritual worldview is a dimension that aids to receptive to the intricate and assorted courses in which individuals customize their convictions (Haynes, Hilbers, Kivikko Ratnavuyha, 2007). Scientism is the way of viewing the world in a scientific method. According to this the whole thing that exists has been demonstrated deductively by utilizing the proper system, this does not prohibit new headways in science which will empower the evidence of other presence. Pluralism is in which the general public individuals structure their way of life in view of acknowledgement and differences. These normal characteristics all take a stab at the benefit of every one of all furthermore acknowledge th ere is some truth in different convictions. This worldview perspective hassles the significance of resistance of different religions however does not however veer off from their own particular convictions. Worldview of Postmodernism spotlights on the advantages of science and perceives that science alone can't offer intending to life (Shelly Miller, 2006). Due to different provider-patient-system characteristics in healthcare, worldview builds cover with other psychological and social develops. Serving patients can include investing time with them, holding their hands, and discussing what is vital to them (Rieg, Mason Preston, 2006). Thus, spirituality worldview supports a more extensive comprehension of and expounds upon the implied content of religion and culture. This helps to understand the patients and disclose approaches to practice profound care, and compress some national endeavors to join spirituality in healthcare and medicine (Barber, 2013). According to Christianity contour, Prime Reality is the unending, individual God uncovered in the sacred scriptures. This God is good, sovereign, omniscient, immanent, transcendent and triune. In answering the second question of worldview, the Christian theistic beliefs that External reality is the universe God completed ex nihilo to work with a consistency of circumstances and end results in an open framework. Thirdly, Human beings are made in the picture of God and accordingly have identity, astonishing toward oneself quality, insight, ethical quality, gregariousness and inventiveness (Sire, 2004). Fourthly, Person Death, is either the entryway to existence with God and his kin or the door to the interminable partition from the main thing that will at last satisfy human yearnings. Fifth, Knowing every is impossible because, individuals can know both their general surroundings and God himself in light of the fact that God has incorporated with them the ability to do as such and in l ight of the fact that he takes a dynamic part in corresponding with them. Sixth, what is wrong and right? God is the wellspring of the ethical world and also the corporeal world. Ethics are otherworldly and are taking into account the character of God as great. Lastly, the seventh question human history, is straight, an important arrangement of occasions prompting the satisfaction of God's reasons for humanity. All things are prompting the zenith of time at the second happening to Christ (Sire, 2004). All the above seven questions of worldview demonstrates in short that God is a healer. According to Biblical understanding, health workers may endeavor to encourage mending from various perspectives but God is the ultimate healer. Therefore, in conclusion, it can be said that spiritual worldview can help the patients to cope with life stress, pain and illness. Believing on God can help the patients to recover from any disease or face the death. Thus, understanding the spirituality worldview helps the health care workers to manage health effectively and also address the spiritual beliefs of the patients and value their framework. References AllAboutWorldview.org,. (2015). Worldviews. Retrieved 23 March 2015, from https://www.allaboutworldview.org/worldviews.htm Barber, C. (2013). Spirituality article 8: the role of the healthcare chaplain. Br J Healthcare Assistants, 7(7), 332-336. doi:10.12968/bjha.2013.7.7.332 Haynes, A., Hilbers, J., Kivikko, J., Ratnavuyha, D. (2007). Spirituality and Religion in Health Care Practice. Sydney. Retrieved from https://www.rch.org.au/uploadedFiles/Main/Content/cultural_services/Spirituality_Staff_Resource.pdf Iriss.org.uk,. (2015). Spirituality and ageing: implications for the care and support of older people IRISS Insights, no.19 | IRISS - The Institute for Research and Innovation in Social Services. Retrieved 23 March 2015, from https://www.iriss.org.uk/resources/spirituality-and-ageing-implications-care-and-support-older-people Puchalski, C. (2004). Spirituality in health: the role of spirituality in critical care. Critical Care Clinics, 20(3), 487-504. doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2004.03.007 Rieg, L., Mason, C., Preston, K. (2006). Spiritual Care: Practical Guidelines for Rehabilitation Nurses. Rehabilitation Nursing, 31(6), 249-256. doi:10.1002/j.2048-7940.2006.tb00021.x Shelly, J., Miller, A. (2006). Called to care. Downers Grove, Ill.: IVP Academic/InterVarsity Press. Sire, J. (2004). The universe next door. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press. Tilburt, J. (2010). The Role of Worldviews in Health Disparities Education. J GEN INTERN MED, 25(S2), 178-181. doi:10.1007/s11606-009-1229-9

Public Administration in the United States

Introduction Public administration can be described as the study or a field of practice or occupation. Politically, public administration describes or defines how the various branches of the government strategize and implement policies. Government involvement in the public sector can be either directly on indirect.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Public Administration in the United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When the government is involved directly, it employs public members to serve as employees for the benefit of the general population, while indirect involvement of the government would be when the government hires private contractors to carry out some of the stipulated public policies. It also involves how public quarter organizations are categorized and managed, how the federal government and the cities, states and towns work hand in hand to attain their development goals in the interest of the people. In legal terms, public administration means the ability to implement legislation in regulating the behaviors of different individuals provide job opportunities, goods and services to the citizens. The American public administration is one among the most admired administration in the world. Many countries seek solution to their administrative problems from gathering facts compiled from the American Public Administration, however this does not mean that America is all perfect in ensuring that the public administration sector is always having smooth endeavors instead they also have challenges that they seek solution to. A Constitution dilemma Public administrators are not only concerned with the management of public policies but also have some influence in the political field which they end up sometimes being dominant in political issues. In America, according to many people’s view is that politics and administration should be totally separated from each other but th is is not the case especially when presently only well organized administrations which are able to cope with the issues generated from all aspects can be seen as survivors and be regarded as the best.Advertising Looking for term paper on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The public officials who have influence in the political arena must be ready to take orders from other leaders who mostly are not bureaucrats especially when they don’t have the knowledge infatuated by selected officials (Friedman 2006). One way of ensuring that an open democracy is preserved and enjoys its freedom is to ensure that the constitution is designed in a way that would enable political leaders to have an effective control over their public servant. These are people who are supposed to understand and be ready to face up problems that arise due to modernity. Economy The economics of a country also counts as a major challen ge in the public administration. The challenging economic background is that the economy and the economy policies of many states are in the process of transition. The economy of a country involves the choices people make. This is the way people tend to choose and make decision depending on the affordability to obtain the resources to satisfy the unlimited human wants and needs. Economics can there for be explained as the human behavior which arises due to shortage means to accomplish given desires. There are many relations between public administration and economics as most areas under public administration are economic in nature. An example is the public finance management of public enterprises economic planning among other fields. The government has always played part in the economic affairs in the interest of socio-economic justice. The government’s participation has greatly and positively impacted on the economic growth of the country as through their involvement, new eco nomic planning strategies are being implemented and processes of new forms of organization (Milakovich Gordon 2008). Power and Performance Power and performance are two principles, which are correlated in the running of a public administration. For example, when it is said that the administrators who are currently at the helm are powerful; it means that they have the capacity to administer as compared to bureaucrats who have power.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Public Administration in the United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Milakovich and Gordon (2008), â€Å"ultimately those who are in government must recognize that public service is not an economic construct but a political construct. This means that issues pertaining service improvement need to be looked into keenly and not only the demands of the customers’ matters but also the distribution of power in the society. Th ereby, in the ‘New public service’ provision of quality service to the public is seen as the first step taking action to widen public involvement in the end extending democratic citizenship†. Practices within the public sector provide opportunites to improve levels of customer service to the public and improve the accessibility to government services at lower costs to the citizens (Siedman and Gilmour 1986). The growing demand for a more open, participatory and efficient government One of the greatest challenges, governments face is ensuring that from the formed governments, people have a feeling that the government is for the people and not only of the people by the people. Hence, much consideration should be put when making policy decisions that are set to affect the members of the public. Policies like how the tax should be spent to benefit the members of the public (Hill Hupe 2002). Today many citizens are seeking an opportunity to participate in public affai rs apart from only being involved in national elections that occurs once after 4 to 5 years. According to the highlights made by the United Nations Millennium Declaration, the most effective way of ensuring that values of freedom, equality, environmental protection and shared responsibility is respected is when the public administration of a country is effective and if there is democracy and good governance. The most critical way of ensuring a country achieves its developmental goals is if they realize the importance of having a democratic country with good governance (Putnam 2000). Objectives, like development and poverty eradication, can only be achieved if there is stable democracy for with a democratic state, there is a chance to achieve greater economic targets and there is enough evidence that proves democracy effectively ensures there is redistribution of resources across the state.Advertising Looking for term paper on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, democracy will not be the only sufficient way of ensuring a state reaches its development goal but also the government institutions that have been put in place should have committed people who will over see the realization of the countries goal. These institutions should have specified, clear and accepted rules that will govern all workers for the benefit of the whole economy. How the public sector performs clearly depends on the people who are associated with them. Public sector will only manage to effectively bring positive changes at both the local and global levels if those working under this sector are skilled people who are dedicated to perform their work and carry out reforms which are effective in the long run. Reforms One other important role of the public administration sector is to guarantee that the social and economic prospects of the society are of date. This can only be achieved if the public sector is committed to constantly change and improve the sector thr ough modernization of the policies for quality public services. The challenging factor is that the government tends to use some concepts that do not help in the improving of the public service sector (Cooper 2004). One way this problem can be dealt with is by having public unions which are active and have the interest to improve the public services to be more relevant and to the needs of the people. There have been a number of reforms that have been incorporated in public administration but only a few of them have positively impacted the sector leading to very little results, too much rhetoric and not enough wise working leaders. The main responsibility of the Public servants is to effectively adopt an effective reform policy. Political leaders should show support to public servants when it comes to passing legislative laws about making changes to marshal reforms affecting the whole government. Most administrative personnel may be faced with some kind of challenge because there are new skills that they are seeking to get from the public, they seek new people who are sufficiently competent to undertake roles especially during the changes in the economic, demographic, and political environment. According to Ciglar (1989), the new shift in paradigm was becoming a challenge to senior administrators because these people needed individuals who portray qualities for strong leadership, imagination and resourcefulness at all levels of government Globalization Globalization has influenced changes in almost every sector of activity of governance undertaken by modern governments. A reorganization and reformation of the basic grounds and practices of public administration have forced governments to re-evaluate their priorities goals and practices. A balance between enhancing the efficiency of public service and controlling the demands and pressure exerted by the forces of globalization has to be reached. Many states have failed to cope with the requirements of globalizatio n in their public sector due to non existence of and in many cases non adherence to ethical code of conduct in public dealings (Denhardt 2007) Globalization describes how a business progresses from the household level to village or town level to the greater regions like the province then national and international organization. The challenge being faced through globalization is that it tends to make a few people benefit from it and at the same time make others loose from it. Many may argue of whether globalizations effects are positive or negative but this judgment may only be passed according to the kind of relationship of those in power positions keeping in mind that there are unequal power relationships between nations, states and groups. Globalization therefore can be termed as either positive or negative to public workers depending on the underlying rules that are present. Professor Farazmand implicitly argues that the challenges of globalization are the major reasons why refor m of the public administration system of a polity must be undertaken (Guy 1995). The impact of globalization is an irreversible and unstoppable process and the dynamics of globalization has led to new studies in the public administration and the only way to solve global problems and challenges is to consider having civil global administration (Kolbert 2006). Decentralization challenge Decentralization can be defined as the transfer of authority or the responsibility for decision making management planning or resource allocation from a central government to the district administrative units in order to be closer to the citizens (Terry 1995). This process allows both the employees and the managers to have freedom to do certain activities, involve themselves in creative works and have some form of authority reducing bureaucracy and provide opportunities for more approvals of actions. Decentralization is a major challenge in public administration especially in the managerial systems whi ch naturally are closely related to the political systems. Often there is a tendency of political systems to use the central authorities to put emphasis on the power and strength of many political players. For this reason they influence the public senior managers as they must work closely with them (those who are publically elected and perform political duties) (Caiden 1991). Many politicians see decentralization as a stumbling block in their ways of governing. Most of them fear that once the public administration is decentralized, then their ability to supervise what is taking place and the management of these activities is somehow reduced together with the powers they have for governing the people. In addition, once public organizations are decentralized, they are left with insufficient budgets that they cannot manage with independently and they also face other economic challenges and insufficient tools to act as independent organizations. Steps that should be taken to strengthen our governmental system and our society Many Americans believe that having a democratic government in place will help the nation rise and face up to the many challenges that may come their way. Even with the national political challenges which mainly concerns with the disagreements of what role government plays the Americans are still committed to uphold the principles and practices of democratic governance with the aim of having a striving nation. The United States of America for almost three decades has continued to enjoy the efforts from the growing network of people and organization working relationship to ensure that the set political systems provide a hope of a democratic nation for all Americans. United States boasts of a very strong constitutional framework together with strong governing institutions especially since the elected present Obama took power and had his agenda to ensure that the kind of governance in his era would be one which would be more participatory, collabo rative and open. The American government has to find ways to continue strengthening their government and their society at large. Involving American people in meaningful reflections about key policy questions The government has to involve the members of the public in regular policy deliberations this will be a way to show the public that they are important when they have the opportunity to come together and share their views about a particular policy which is of national significance. However in most cases, the political officials are the ones who set the policies and just present their desires to the citizens not only through the town meetings which are usually occasion but also through carefully designed and evaluated methods of engaging the public to participate in the deliberations of collaborative processes that will allow them to express their views on difficult policy issues and be ready to address the issues (Pollitt Bouckaert 1999). The government can achieve this if they a lso commit in ensuring public participation by sending relevant executive personnel to help the public in planning and also take serious measures once they get the results from the deliberations after a public policy meeting. Also the civil society organizations that are involved with the public engagement should have comprehensive and rigorous impartial process as they conduct the policy meetings. Projects related to the possible policy contexts can be presented to the Whitehouse so that the personnel concerned with the issues has the opportunity to observe the different approaches of the projects adaptations. Open government dialogue â€Å"My Administration is committed to creating an unprecedented level of openness in government. We will work together to ensure the public trust and establish a system of transparency, public participation, and collaboration. Openness will strengthen our democracy and promote efficiency and effectiveness in government.† —President Bar ack Obama, January 21, 2009. Many governments are faced by the challenge of building an open and transparent government especially in their public administration sector. To enhance intelligibility and responsibility in the public administration sector, there is need to employ efficient public analysis based on concrete formal conditions for admittance to information. With an open government, citizens are sure of transparency and adequate information about the government’s activities. An advantage of having an open government is that it encourages government official’s journalists and the public to scrutinize governments work. Presently the re are records have been made available online being for every individual who visits the Whitehouse in an effort to publicly show the public whose voices are being heard during the policy making process (Silverman 1992). In addition by encouraging an open government practice, the members of the public are entitled to easier access to government data as democratizing data ensures that cost to access information is reduced and actions involving fraud and waste are eliminated besides all the above it provides a platform for new job opportunities to improve the living standards of the people. For example the launching of the Data.gov a website that makes it possible for people to access information about economics, healthcare and other information in multiples because they are created in multiple electronic formats. The website offers other advantages like it provides software tools that can be used to track the performance flights and also agencies can use it to make their information available to the public shows transparency practices (Drucker 2001). Encourage public engagement and building skills Capacity for efficient, sustainable and joint participation is needed at both the federal state level and the local levels. Meaningful governance is one which encourages the participation of the public and the public o fficials in matters concerning governance. Necessary skills are needed to take on responsibilities of decentralized political groups. The advantage is the public will be able to exercise their democratic rights by being partners with the government by controlling the resources found in federal state and the local governments. The government is obligated to embrace and incorporate public engagement in the government entities, non profit organizations and other sectors in the private industries. Presently there is a shortage of young people with comprehensive knowledge of civic processes and other government processes which would be of benefit in carrying out democratic deliberations. These people also lack the arts and skills to organize and advocate democracy and help solve problems which are seen as a full participation of an individual democratic right (Tocqueville 2003). Performance and personnel management The American government can use performance information as a key to impro ving the outcomes of selected strategies. This information can be obtained through carrying out evaluations, offering of training and development to its personnel, using any feed back obtained to improve the government’s performance and the most important of all, rewarding performance. Evaluation: this basically is a means of assessing employees’ measure and aptitude in carrying out their work. This further creates a framework for creating training and development programs. Evaluation is mostly centered on assessment of five basic groups of performance which include: 1) communication, 2) interaction, 3) productivity, 4) quality concerns, and 5) job knowledge and skill. Training and development: for better and enhanced performance from personnel, training and development programs are the best option to be utilized and in most case turn up very positive results. But firstly, employee skills have to be assessed so as to determine the appropriate and most suitable program. The training being conducted has to be in line with the government’s needs and goals. Feedback: information obtained from the assessment of government officials must be communicated back so that proper measure can be taken in cases of exemplary service that needs to be rewarded or where there is slack performance and reprimand is necessary. It is also important to communicate back to the employees of the assessment carried out on them. Rewarding performance: this helps in strengthening and making the employees feel appreciated thus the government will be assured of positive outputs all the time. Throwing money at the most valued employees is not advisable but rather the management should be able to get down to actually what motivates employees. Security and privacy The government should be concerned with the security issues of the country especially when factoring in the use of technology to improve the government systems and the society also has a part to play in helping th e government watch over the welfare of its people. For example, the internet which is today one of the cheapest technology to acquire has helped in the economic growth of many government sectors to increase economic growth but as this happens there are also risk factors included while using this technology. We all can access data and information from the internet, hence the government need to implement policies that would only allow those authorized personnel to access various data that concerns the security and good welfare of the people while keeping away the unauthorized personnel. The government should assess all possible risks and develop working policies to solve these problems. Conclusion In the modern world, the public administration systems are becoming more critical in the running of government affairs. These systems have significantly alleviated poverty together with creation of essential wealth manifestation and broad development objectives. Governments should be ready t o adopt a variety of reforms among them; engaging governance initiatives, adoption of performance management application of information technologies and incorporating of anticorruption programs among other necessary reforms. It is worth noting that public administration practice has advanced rapidly over the years as a result of resolution. Among the problems that institutes of public administration should have helped resolve are the problems that were concerned with insisting for bureaucratic cultural change and the benefits that would be attained from the institutional stability, benefits to be attained from managerial flexibility and the sanctity of the rules, and the benefits to be attained from the domestic mandate of the Government of both regional and international obligations and benefits attained from short-term pursuits and long-term strategic concerns. The government can be in a better position to face up new challenges and opportunities experienced during this era if onl y they focus on accountability and results of the laid goals. But the federal governments and agencies are confronted with long standing and substantial challenges and the only solution to these problems is having a system that is driven by performance which will help in building connections between the different existing agencies, levels of government together with the nonprofit organizations and the private sector. If organizations and federal departments goal is to perform well, then they are obligated to have close relationships with other government sectors, the private sector and the non profitable organizations both at local and international levels. The government should also ensure that it instills working practices and do away with those that are ineffective, since the public expects substantial results from the federal government planning strategies. References Caiden, G. (1991). Administrative Reform Comes of Age. Los Angeles: De Gruyter. Ciglar, B. (1989). Trends Affect ing Local Administrators. In James L Perry (ed) Handbook of Public Administration. California: Jossey-Bass Inc. Publishers. Cooper, L. T. (2004). Public adminstration. Public Administration Review. Washington, Jul/Aug, Vol.64, Iss.4: 395-407. Denhardt, R. B. (2007). Theories of Public Organization. 5th edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing. Drucker, P. F. (2001). The Essential Drucker. New York: HarperBusiness. Friedman, T. L. (2006). The World Is Flat [Updated and Expanded]: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Guy P. B. (1995). The Politics of Bureaucracy . New York, USA: Longman Publishers. Hill, M. Hupe, P. (2002). Implementing Public Policy: Governance in Theory and Practice. Sage: London. Kolbert, E. (2006). Field Notes from a Catastrophe. New York: Bloomsbury USA. Milakovich M. E. Gordon J. (2008). George Public Administration in America. New York: Cengage Learning. Pollitt, C. Bouckaert, G. (1999). Public Management Reform : A Comparative Analysis. New York: Oxford University Press. Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Fireside Paperbacks. Siedman, H. and Gilmour R. (1986). Politics, Position and Power: From the Positive to the Regulatory State, 4th edition. New York: Oxford University Press. Silverman, J. M. (1992). Public Sector Decentralization: Economic Policy and Terry, L. D. (1995). Leadership of Public Bureaucracies: The Administrator as Conservator. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Tocqueville, A. (2003). Democracy in America and Two Essays on America. New York: Penguin Group. This term paper on Public Administration in the United States was written and submitted by user Jazmin Lott to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Doc Holliday essays

Doc Holliday essays Doc Holliday: A man in search of normality. John Henry Holliday, perhaps one of the most legendary gunfighters of the west, lived in reality a life built on necessity and simply followed it and made due with the blows that were dealt to him. Born August 14, 1851 to Alice and Henry Holliday, John Henry Holliday entered the world already at a disadvantage with a serious birth defect. The defect known as a cleft palate and a partially cleft lip, basically made suckling his mothers breast impossible. Dr. John S. Holliday, Johns uncle and an accomplished surgeon, delivered John, cleared his air passages, and taught his mother the proper way to feed the him due to the defect. With out the aid and instructions of Dr. Holliday, John could have easily choked to death as was common with children that had this genetic defect. Ironically one of the tools to feed the young child effectively was a shot glass, which in many ways never left his side. At only eight weeks old John was under the careful care of his uncle once again. Dr John Holliday, along with family friend Dr. Crawford Long, operated on Johns mouth and lip with success. This was only the beginning of a turbulent childhood that was anything but typical. Instead of playing around without a care in the world like most toddlers, John spent almost all of his time in speech therapy in an effort to correct what otherwise would have been a terrible impediment. His mother, Alice Holliday, was the chief therapist and attacked the problem with gusto. Her determination at alleviating the impediment rubbed off on the young child, and John therefore worked hard at improving his speech. By the age of four the impediment was barely noticeable. Yet Johns childhood was not only speech therapy, playing with his cousin Robert was his favorite activity and would persist to be for most of his young life. John Hollidays adolescence was influenced...

Introduction to French Translation and Interpretation

Introduction to French Translation and Interpretation Translation and interpretation are the ultimate jobs for people who love language. However, there are a lot of misunderstandings about these two fields, including the difference between them and what kind of skills and education they require. This article is an introduction to the fields of translation and interpretation. Both translation and interpretation (sometimes abbreviated as T I) require superior language ability in at least two languages. That may seem like a given, but in fact, there are many working translators whose language skills are not up to the task. You can usually recognize these unqualified translators by extremely low rates, and also by wild claims about being able to translate any language and subject. Translation and interpretation also require the ability to accurately express information in the target language. Word for word translation is neither accurate nor desirable, and a good translator/interpreter knows how to express the source text or speech so that it sounds natural in the target language. The best translation is one that you dont realize is a translation because it sounds just like it would if it had been written in that language to begin with. Translators and interpreters nearly always work into their native language, because its too easy for a non-native speaker to write or speak in a way that just doesnt sound quite right to native speakers. Using unqualified translators will leave you with poor-quality translations with mistakes ranging from poor grammar and awkward phrasing to nonsensical or inaccurate information. And finally, translators and interpreters need to understand the cultures of both the source and target languages, in order to be able to adapt the language to the appropriate culture. In short, the simple fact of speaking two or more languages does not necessarily make a good translator or interpreter - theres a lot more to it. It is in your best interest to find someone who is qualified and certified. A certified translator or interpreter will cost more, but if your business needs a good product, it is well worth the expense. Contact a translation/interpretation organization for a list of potential candidates. Translation vs. Interpretation For some reason, most laypeople refer to both translation and interpretation as translation. Although translation and interpretation share the common goal of taking information that is available in one language and converting it to another, they are in fact two separate processes. So what is the difference between translation and interpretation? Its very simple. Translation is written - it involves taking a written text (such as a book or an article) and translating it in writing into the target language. Interpretation is oral - it refers to listening to something spoken (a speech or phone conversation) and interpreting it orally into the target language. (Incidentally, those who facilitate communication between hearing persons and deaf/hard-of-hearing persons are also known as interpreters. So you can see that the main difference is in how the information is presented - orally in interpretation and written in translation. This might seem like a subtle distinction, but if you consider your own language skills, the odds are that your ability to read/write and listen/speak are not identical - you are probably more skilled at one pair or the other. So translators are excellent writers, while interpreters have superior oral communication skills. In addition, spoken language is quite different from writing, which adds a further dimension to the distinction. Then theres the fact that translators work alone to produce a translation, while interpreters work with two or more people/groups to provide an interpretation on the spot during negotiations, seminars, phone conversations, etc. Translation and Interpretation Terms Source languageThe language of the original message. Target languageThe language of the resulting translation or interpretation. A language  - Native languageMost people have one A language, although someone who was raised bilingual may have two A languages or an A and a B, depending on whether they are truly bilingual or just very fluent in the second language. B language  - Fluent languageFluent here means near-native ability - understanding virtually all vocabulary, structure, dialects, cultural influence, etc. A certified translator or interpreter has at least one B language unless he or she is bilingual with two A languages. C language  - Working languageTranslators and interpreters may have one or more C languages - those which they understand well enough to translate or interpret from but not to. For example, here are my language skills: A - EnglishB - FrenchC - Spanish So in theory, you can translate French to English, English to French, and Spanish to English, but not English to Spanish. In reality, you only work from French and Spanish to English. You wouldnt work into French, because you recognize that my translations into French leave something to be desired. Translators and interpreters should only work into the languages that they write/speak like a native or very close to it. Incidentally, another thing to watch out for is a translator who claims to have several target languages (in other words, to be able to work in both directions between, say, English, Japanese, and Russian). It is very rare for anyone to have more than two target languages, although having several source languages is fairly common. Types of Translation and Interpretation General translation/interpretation is just what you think - the translation or interpretation of non-specific language that does not require any specialized vocabulary or knowledge. However, the best translators and interpreters read extensively in order to be up-to-date with current events and trends so that they are able to do their work to the best of their ability, having knowledge of what they might be asked to convert. In addition, good translators and interpreters make an effort to read about whatever topic they are currently working on. If a translator is asked to translate an article on organic farming, for example, he or she would be well served to read about organic farming in both languages in order to understand the topic and the accepted terms used in each language. Specialized translation or interpretation refers to domains which require at the very least that the person be extremely well-read in the domain. Even better is training in the field (such as a college degree in the subject, or a specialized course in that type of translation or interpretation). Some common types of specialized translation and interpretation are financial translation and interpretationlegal translation and interpretationliterary translationmedical translation and interpretationscientific translation and interpretationtechnical translation and interpretation Types of Translation Machine translationAlso known as automatic translation, this is any translation that is done without human intervention, using software, hand-held translators, online translators such as Babelfish, etc. Machine translation is extremely limited in quality and usefulness. Machine-assisted translationTranslation that is done with a machine translator and a human working together. For example, to translate honey, the machine translator might give the options  le miel  and  chà ©ri  so that the person could decide which one makes sense in the context. This is considerably better than machine translation, and some argue that it is more effective than human-only translation. Screen translationTranslation of movies and television programs, including subtitling (where the translation is typed along the bottom of the screen) and dubbing (where the voices of native speakers of the target language are heard in place of the original actors). Sight translationDocument in the source language is explained orally in the target language. This task is performed by interpreters when an article in the source language is not provided with a translation (such as a memo handed out at a meeting). LocalizationAdaptation of software or other products to a different culture. Localization includes translation of documents, dialog boxes, etc., as well as linguistic and cultural changes to make the product appropriate to the target country. Types of Interpretation Consecutive interpretation  (consec)The interpreter takes notes while listening to a speech, then does his or her interpretation during pauses. This is commonly used when there are just two languages at work; for example if the American and French presidents were having a discussion. The consecutive interpreter would interpret in both directions, French to English and English to French. Unlike translation and simultaneous interpretation, consecutive interpretation is commonly done into the interpreters A and B languages. Simultaneous interpretation  (simul)The interpreter listens to a speech and simultaneously interprets it, using headphones and a microphone. This is commonly used when there are numerous languages needed, such as in the United Nations. Each target language has an assigned channel, so Spanish speakers might turn to channel one for the Spanish interpretation, French speakers to channel two, etc. Simultaneous interpretation should only be done into ones A language.

TBH Confectionery Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

TBH Confectionery - Assignment Example It is happens with those companies which are small sized and are faced with more effects of globalization, increased overseas competition, globalized supply chain management, expanding to other markets and focusing more on establishing e-business (Winch and Bianchi, 2006). In THB, the company has failed to managed the information effectively to control and manage its business process. The company is using out-dated technology and is not aware on how to manage and control information streaming. According to Rockart (1979), information management plays a significant role in business or business area; if it would result in satisfaction; it would enhance greater competition in the performance within the organization. Tim holds limited information on what actually a customer wants? To remain in the business and to expand its business overseas, Tim needs to realize the importance of having information related to customer behavior, competition, cultures, societies, and habits of the customer. In other words, it can be said that THB confectionery had limited knowledge about the people worldwide. Also, with the entrance of new market competitor, it was becoming harder for THB to maintain its business operations running smooth due to lack of information and how to maintain an efficient data system. THB realized that the communities are growing over the period of time on the internet and as a result, it would get hard for the THB confectionery to maintain its market position without effectively managing the data. At this point, it became imperative for THB confectionery to expand its operations, make its internet presence more attractive, build its strong customer-base and focus more on the management of information such as what key strategies are being adopted by the competitors, what customers want, how to establish stronger internet presence and to maintain effective data management system with the help of Tims IT

Research Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research Plan - Essay Example The CVS chain has recently been unfavourably in the public eye because it was found to be selling drug products that were expired and thereby violating health codes. The goal of this research study is to derive an answer to the research question: â€Å"Why do people go buy their goods in Duane Reade rather than CVS?† It appears likely that the negative publicity that CVS has gathered about selling expired products could be one of the salient reasons why customers are preferring Duane; however it is also likely that other factors such as store layouts, their convenient locations to arrangement of goods within the store, prices, customer service or quality of goods could be the factors motivating customers instead. The objective of this study will be to determine why customers appear to be preferring Duane; whether there is more than one reason for such a choice and if so, what are the factors that are leading to such a preference? In order to arrive at an understanding of the factors that could be propelling customers to make such a choice, it would first be necessary to carry out an exhaustive review of the literature that is available on customer service, product quality, marketing, good business practices, ethics in business, the importance of complying with Government regulations and similar aspects that would provide background information which would be valuable in arriving at an answer to the research question. This comprehensive study of the literature would not only help to identify salient factors that may affect customer shopping preferences, it may also help identify additional factors which are peculiar to the New York region, such as targeting ethnic groups who form a sizable portion of the population, more so than those present in the states where CVS markets its goods – although these states are also primarily in the north-eastern part of the United States. Once the

Sports team Essay Example for Free

Sports team Essay The sale of sports related memorabilia has become one of the biggest retail industries. However, it has also become one of the hardest to manage and control, legally and creatively (World Intellectual Property Rights Organization [WIPRO] 2007b). This has become particularly apparent in Boston, home of one of the most popular sports team, the Boston Red Sox, despite significant efforts to control the production and distribution of goods bearing their logos and trademarks. Some argue that the proliferation and sale of these items are self-expression and that they have contributed significantly to the popularity of the team (Grimaldi, 2007). However, this compromises the value of authentic memorabilia, the ability or government to protect consumer rights and commercial laws and the intellectual property rights of the teams. The protection of these stakeholders requires that vendors have the proper license both from the government and sports teams, which in the case of the Boston Red Sox, through Major League Baseball (MLB) authorities. In doing so both parties will be able to monitor the merchandise being commercialized and collect the taxes and royalties due them respectively (Tozzi, 2003). In turn, buyers are ensured of the authenticity, quality and safety of the products they are purchasing with full backing of civil and criminal statutes. WIPRO (2007a) notes that that this will also help alleviate the price of sports memorabilia because the price of genuine products will not be beefed up in order to compensate for unauthorized products. At the same time, the unlicensed vendors compromise the rights of legal retailers who bear the burden of licensure fess, taxation and regulation (Grimaldi, 2007). The effect of the lack of proper vendor licensing in Boston is not limited to commercial regulation. It also impacts the protection of consumer and intellectual property rights. It provides neither the movement the means to monitor or control the proliferation of knock-offs and consumers or sports organizations the means to bring action against violators. Thus, it is important that vendors have the proper license to sell so that all parties, sports teams, consumers and vendors alike, can enjoy full benefits of the law and not compromise each others rights. References Grimaldi, Paul (2007). The business of baseball. Projo Online, October 27. Retrieved November 6, 2007, from http://www. projo. com/business/content/BZ_MLB_GEAR_10-27-07_KF7L00S_v20. 2551554. html Tozzi, John (2003). Red Sox and BRA agree on Yawkey Way. The Daily Free Press, January 22. Retrieved November 6, 2007, from http://media. www. dailyfreepress. com/media/storage/paper87/news/2003/01/22/News/Red-Sox. And. Bra. Agree. On. Yawkey. Way-349123. shtml World Intellectual Property Rights Organization (2007a). Enforcement Advisory Body Examines Criminal Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights. WIPO Press Room, November 5. Retrieved November 6, 2007, from http://www. wipo. int/pressroom/en/articles/2007/article_0082. html World Intellectual Property Rights Organization (2007b). International Conference Underlines Role of IP in the Creative Industries. WIPO Press Room, October 31. Retrieved November 6, 2007, from http://www. wipo. int/pressroom/en/articles/2007/article_0080. html

Essay --

Performance Enhancing Drugs in Professional Sports There is an epidemic in today’s society, people harm their bodies. There are several ways this is possible. Society has started a new trend; the use of steroids. Why do people take steroids? Steroids obviously have their pros and cons. Performance enhancing drugs were started for the sole purpose of increasing athletic abilities. Pro sports players have adopted performance enhancing drugs all around the word. For better or for worse, performance enhancing drugs have affected processional sports for decades. Athletes still take PHD drug even with the severe health risks. There are several instances where a Pro will take them because the pressure of his or her fan base. The pro needs to meet the expectations of themselves and the people around. Steroids will give a slight advantage over your opponent, which is a proven fact. Steroids do things chemically that the body cannot perform naturally. There are times when an athlete does everything in their power to not take performance enhancing drugs. Drug free athletes will fall behind physically. Pressure to compete will suck some of these athletes into steroid use. Physical appearance is just as important as being competitive to a lot of athletes, steroids will improve muscle tone and decrease body fat along with Dailey exercise, this alone draws in loads of steroid users. While performance enhancing drugs may benefit people physically they can also destroy the body. Some of the physical, mental, and emotional problems they cause may shock many. Performance enhancing drugs harm more than help you. Some of the effects of taking the drug are increased chances of Acne, Male pattern baldness, Liver Damage, and stunted gr... ... for decades; people may say that the use of steroids has been nothing but a nuisance to the pro industry. Many could also argue that the use of steroids may have improved the entertainment level of sports. Several experts may argue without the use of steroids pro sports would not have the fandom it has today. It is a true fact that the MLB has lost a huge fan bases since the 1990’s â€Å"the steroid outbreak†, it has taken them over a decade to regain their fan base. Society needs to take into to account though the steroids do affect mental and physical health, no matter the study this is proven true. As people pursue their dreams they need to think about the Enhanced performance and their health, think about the sport, thinks of the influences you make on others and may have on your fans. There are always consequences to actions, whether it is for better or for worse.

Annotated Bibliography on Global Warming

Giacomo Real ENG 1302 Comp. & Rhet. II Professor Kamm Monday & Wednesday 7PM – 8:15PM Annotated Bibliography & Essay Annotated Bibliography on Global Warming: Fact or Fiction Fumento, Michael. â€Å"The Cooling Off on Global Warming. † The Washington Times 8 July 1999: 15. LexisNexis Academic . Academic Universe. W. I. Dykes Lib. , University of Houston-Downtown. 20 Feb. 2010 http://www. lexisnexis. com. ezproxy. uhd. du/hottopics/lnacademic/ Fumento explains that a nonprofit group called Public Agenda and American Geophysical Union (AGU) has reported on public frustration about global warming and other pollutants. This report shows significant decline in many pollutants and about 50% drop on global warming in the mid to late 20th century. The author state how Americans are growing tired of political jargon about global warming and other contributing pollutants.This feeling amongst Americans stem from the constant blame game that is in place to explain natur al/manmade disasters like heat waves and hurricanes to name a few. The author claims that Vice President Al Gore is a peddler or contributor in the blame of environmental events to global warming. There is scientific fact that has collectively convinced thousands of scientists to declare that the human race is not the cause of global warming. â€Å"Global Warming and Other Eco-Myths: How the Environmental Movement Uses False Science to Scare Us to Death. Future Survey 25. 9 (2003): 5-6. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. W. I. Dykes Lib. , University of Houston-Downtown. 21 Feb. 2010 http://web. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. uhd. edu/ehost/detail? vid=7&hid=111&sid=3a458492-42fe-4e5d-b278-814ea690813e%40sessionmgr111&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=a9h&AN=11133714 The editor state that there are a plethora of books, research, articles, and writings that business ventures to scare people into myths and false accounts that global warming in manmade.The author presents certain books that exclaim the cause and effects of global warming and different steps and developments needed to combat this ideological environmentalism. Simultaneously, the author is stating sources that disprove these myths and show how this is a political stunt by interest groups attempting to capitalize on global warming. Houston, Frank, and John Wallace. â€Å"Covering the Climate: Beware of False Conflict. † Columbia Journalism Review 38. 6 (2000): 52. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. W. I. Dykes Lib. , University of Houston-Downtown. 1 Feb. 2010 https://ezproxy. uhd. edu/login? url=http://search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct=true&db=a9h&AN=2892603&site=ehost-live Frank Houston interviewed John Wallace to help better understand political journalist, scientific journalist, and misconceptions/accuracies portrayed by these journalistic interpretations of scientist findings and articles. Houston asked a series of questions which confirms that there are m any discrepancies in the media with as there is genuine reporting’s on global warming.Wallace refers to many reporters that have actually reported true and sincere finding and many other blunders that have created fear within many scientists in presenting their finding due to the irreversible damage done with false or obscure reporting. Finally, was answered by Wallace on the global warming issue that states historical fact that there are conflicting measurements and reports that global warming/global cooling is happening. The answer was interesting by far by Wallace because there seems to be some truth to the global warming effect but there is a matter of debate on weather man is/is not responsible.Kay, Jonathan. â€Å"Cold facts. (Cool It: The Skeptical Environmentalist's Guide to Global Warming By Bjorn Lomborg). †   Commentary. 125. 1 (Jan 2008): 60(4). Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. W. I. Dykes Lib. , University of Houston – Downtown. 22 Feb. 2010. http://find. galegroup. com. ezproxy. uhd. edu/ovrc/infomark. do? &contentSet=IAC-Documents&type=retrieve&tabID=T002&prodId=OVRC&docId=A173150742&source=gale&userGroupName=txshracd2590&version=1. 0 Johnson, Paul. â€Å"The Real Way to Save the Planet. American Spectator 43. 1 (2010): 40-41. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. W. I. Dykes Lib. , University of Houston-Downtown. 17 Feb. 2010 https://ezproxy. uhd. edu/login? url=http://search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct=true;amp;db=a9h;amp;AN=47900836;amp;site=ehost-live Paul Johnson begins his article by explaining scientific theory and a popular philosopher by the name of Karl Popper. In a nutshell Johnson explains Poppers 2 points that discredits all notions of the human race being the key proponents that has caused global warming.Johnson also points out how interest groups and well paid lobbyist are continually fighting the good fight in congress and the media to get the word out. The auth or also states how the definition of global warming has now expanded to include any and every weather disturbance, change, irregularity, and spontaneity. The main goal of Johnson is to let people know that scientific theory according to Karl Popper proves that global warming is false and the media has staged a deceptive lie that the human race is responsible for these phenomena.Taranto, James. â€Å"Peer Pressure. † American Spectator 43. 1 (2010): 54-55. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. W. I. Dykes Lib. , University of Houston-Downtown. 22 Feb. 2010 https://ezproxy. uhd. edu/login? url=http://search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct=true;amp;db=a9h;amp;AN=47901090;amp;site=ehost-live James Taranto argues that global warming is a farce and that many scientists have compromised their ethics and tainted the peer review process to appease global warming fanatics.Taranto discusses an editorial at the Guardian, a left-wing daily publication that support and protect the concept a nd validity of global warming. The author also reveals thousands of emails sent by climatologist scandalous proving the notion of man-made global warming. Taranto also writes how this theory of man-made global warming has infected many media outlets worldwide. The authors goal is to prove how the peer review process has been compromised, and how the media, and politicians protect this outlandish farce of global warming cause by humanity.

Why is it difficult for Mexican Americans to live in America?

The movie Selena tells how difficult it is for Mexican Americans to live in a country like America. There are great expectations from people who live there especially for artists and other people who wish to conquer the entertainment industry. Mexican Americans in the United States are often ridiculed in their manner of speaking and performances.Many American racists will not hire group of Mexicans as performers. If there is a chance to get them for programs and performances, the audience has dual expectations from these groups.Moreover, they are also subject to discrimination by the Mexican American community when they perform English-American instead Spanish songs. When a flashback of Abaraham, Selena’s father, as a member of a family band playing â€Å"Blue Moon,† was presented in the film, the way they were rejected by the Mexican American audience shows that the Mexican American community was not ready to accept Mexicans who play English songs. When Abraham discove red Selena’s golden voice, he knew that Selena was meant to be on the limelight.With his support, Selena was convinced that she can become successful â€Å"in a field where every other Mexican American woman had failed† (Bernardinelli, 1997). When Selena grew older, she wanted to have a musical identity that she can call her own, which was mostly influenced by American pop music. As a Tejano singer, she was singing Spanish songs while she idolizes American pop singers. Because of this, there were times when Selena and Abraham clashed about the direction of the band’s music.However, he never failed to respect her and prod her to choose her own path. Thus, Selena is a film that deals with a clash of two different cultures (Bernardinelli, 1997). An example of this in the movie includes the part where Selena was to be interviewed by a TV reporter. Abraham told Selena that her English and Spanish should be perfect. She has to look like she can understand and identify with icons of both cultures. This was a lesson that Selena took to heart.However, in the interview, she made a mistake. After the interview, Abraham expressed his frustration by saying that to be fully accepted in America, Selena must become â€Å"more Mexican than most Mexicans† and â€Å"more American than most Americans† (Quintanilla & Nava, 1997). She is an American, but she is also a Mexican, and she has to learn to draw from both cultures to form her own style (Berardinelli, 1997). When Selena died, nobody quite knew where to place her culturally (Rodriguez, 1997).But her tremendous popularity on both sides of the border is a symbol of how hyphenated Mexican-Americans have gone from the margins to the mainstream (Rodriguez 1997). Selena's story is one of the â€Å"burden of leading hyphenated lives, and of the need to forge a place for ourselves between the dismissive Anglo-American and Mexican mainstreams† (Rodriguez, 1997). She was indeed a dreamer who preferred to go on discos rather than ranches.When she was already popular among the Mexican Americans, she still dreamed of becoming a â€Å"crossover† star to sing English songs. It is said that in the past, Mexican-American identity and having a Latino culture is a great shame for the immigrants’s children and grandchildren. â€Å"Mexicans called their English-speaking, ‘Scooby-Doo’-watching American cousins ‘pochos,’ which meant something like ‘watered-down Mexicans’† (Rodriguez 1997). Selena's popularity both in the Mexico and America marks the changes in the new generation whereâ€Å"’pocho’ no longer connotes a marginal position in a culture that was never fully [Mexcian], but a growing pride in Mexican-American hybrid status, and the ability to sample and absorb the best from both sides of the border. † (Rodriguez 1997). Living in America with traces of Mexican-American blood is never easy becau se not only they are discriminated by Americans, they are judged by other Mexicans, especially when they act â€Å"too American† However, these things never discouraged the late Selena to reach the top.Reference: Berardinelli, J. (1997). Selena. Reel Reviews. Retrieved February 18, 2008 from: http://www. reelviews. net/movies/s/selena. html Quintanilla, Jr. , A. (Producer), & Nava, G. (Director). (1997). Selena. [Motion picture]. Warner Brothers. Rodriguez, G. (1997). Selena's story â€Å"pochos† have come of age. Pacific News. Retrieved February 18, 2008 from: http://www. pacificnews. org/jinn/stories/3. 06/970321-selena. html

Neighborhood Watch

Neighborhood Watch Neighborhood watch Prevents crime Neighborhood Watch is one of the most efficient ways to stop crime. It protects home a personal safety. Crime watch as slimed the crime rate down. In 1972 NSA (National Sheriffs Association) developed a similar program to the neighborhood watch. This is one of the largest crime avoidance in the nation. ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ This project improves neighborhoods and allows comfort in the residents.ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ Some Benefits of having a watch program is to: Deter criminal Actions. It develops a sense of confidence and lessens the fear of crime, Creates bonds with neighbors or friends. It reduces the risk of becoming a criminal. It teaches residents how to detect and report activities in your community.ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'Â ‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ 1 in 8 Americans said that they were scared to walk their streets this year than last year, 1in 5 Americans canceled their activities because of fear. 3 out of 10 said violence is a big problem where they live.One n 4 Americans volunteer in activities. 6 out of ten people participate in programs in their community.ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ It is important that we help prevent these problems on our streets. If you have time, and your neighborhood doesn't have a program you can start one in your community.ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ And talk about the problems or issues about your community.ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ There are many Things you can do to help your community. Foot patrols- are people that cover both sides of the street.Mobile Patrols "ÂÆ'‚‚“ can are the same as foot patrols but can cover more area and use a car or any automobile.And Bicycle patrols. These are just a few of all the things you can do for your community.ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ Safety is a big key to our lives. We need to Protect our streets and our children, elders, and even your life. This is why there are...

Biography of Jane Seymour, Third Wife of Henry VIII

Biography of Jane Seymour, Third Wife of Henry VIII Known for: The third wife of King Henry VIII of England; Jane bore a much-wanted son as heir (the future Edward VI) Occupation: Queen consort (third) to Englands King Henry VIII; had been a maid of honor to both Catherine of Aragon (from 1532) and Anne BoleynSignificant Dates: 1508 or 1509–October 24, 1537; became queen by marriage on May 30, 1536, when she married Henry VIII; proclaimed queen on June 4, 1536, though she was never crowned as queen Early Life of Jane Seymour Brought up as a typical noblewoman of her time, Jane Seymour became a maid of honor to Queen Catherine (of Aragon) in 1532. After Henry had his marriage to Catherine annulled in 1532, Jane Seymour became a maid of honor to his second wife, Anne Boleyn. In February of 1536, as Henry VIIIs interest in Anne Boleyn waned and it became apparent that she would not bear a male heir for Henry, the court noticed Henrys interest in Jane Seymour. Marriage to Henry VIII Anne Boleyn was convicted of treason and executed on May 19, 1536. Henry announced his betrothal to Jane Seymour the next day, May 20. They were married on May 30 and Jane Seymour was pronounced Queen Consort on June 4, which was also the public announcement of the marriage. She was never officially crowned as queen, perhaps because Henry was waiting until after the birth of a male heir for such a ceremony. Jane Seymours court was far more subdued than Anne Boleyns. She apparently intended to avoid many of the errors made by Anne. During her brief reign as Henrys queen, Jane Seymour had worked to bring peace between Henrys eldest daughter, Mary, and Henry. Jane had Mary brought to court and worked to get her named as Henrys heir after any of Jane and Henrys offspring. Birth of Edward VI Clearly, Henry married Jane Seymour primarily to bear a male heir. He was successful in this when, on October 12, 1537, Jane Seymour gave birth to a prince. Edward was the male heir Henry so desired. Jane Seymour had also worked to reconcile the relationship between Henry and his daughter Elizabeth. Jane invited Elizabeth to the princes christening. The baby was christened October 15, and then Jane fell ill with puerperal fever, a complication of childbirth. She died on October 24, 1537. The Lady Mary (future Queen Mary I) served as chief mourner at Jane Seymours funeral. Henry After Janes Death Henrys reaction after Janes death lends credence to the idea that he loved Jane - or at least appreciated her role as the mother of his only surviving son. He went into mourning for three months. Soon after, Henry began searching for another appropriate wife, but he did not remarry for three years when he married Anne of Cleves (and shortly thereafter regretted that decision). When Henry died, ten years after Janes death, he had himself buried with her. Janes Brothers Two of Janes brothers are noted for using Henrys ties to Jane for their own advancement. Thomas Seymour, Janes brother, married Henrys widow and sixth wife, Catherine Parr. Edward Seymour, also a brother of Jane Seymour, served as Protector - more like a regent - for Edward VI after Henrys death. Both these brothers attempts to exercise power came to bad ends: both were eventually executed. Jane Seymour Facts Family Background: Mother: Margery Wentworth, a direct descendant through her father of Edward III of England (making Jane a fifth cousin twice removed to her husband Henry VIII)Father: Sir John Seymour, WiltshireJanes great-grandmother, Elizabeth Cheney, was also great-grandmother to Anne Boleyn, Henrys second wife, and to Catherine Howard, Henrys fifth wife. Marriage and Children: Husband: Henry VIII of England (married May 20, 1536)Children:The future Edward VI of England, born October 12, 1537 Education: The basic education of noble women of the time; Jane was not as literate as her predecessors and could read and write her own name and not more. Sources Anne Crawford, editor. Letters of the Queens of England 1100-1547. 1997.Antonia Fraser. The Wives of Henry VIII. 1993.Alison Weir. The Six Wives of Henry VIII. 1993.

Reason for Migration of Vietnamase and Chinese to Cabramata Term Paper

Reason for Migration of Vietnamase and Chinese to Cabramata - Term Paper Example The Vietnamese came in large numbers from 1975 after the fall of Saigon when communist forces began to settle down in Cabramatta. Many were fleeing the communist forces that were killing large number of people while many wanted a new life (HSC, 2013). The migrants settled down in the city and while they assimilated with others, the people had their own culture, food and religious habits and many structures were built that present a cultural diversity (Carruthers, 2008). Ethnic residential concentrations display all the basic features related to a territory. They provide a source of identity, they are characterized by substantial degree of exclusiveness and they act to compartmentalize activity spatially (Boal, 1989, p. 50). When ethnic groups migrate, spatial outcomes become important. Ethnic groups can be racial, religious or national in origin and it has its initiation through in-migration. Issues related to homogeneity and social stratification become important. This pattern is seen even in the ethnic Jew regions of Winnipeg, USA (Course Notes 2, p. 56). It is clear that the Vietnamese communities in Sydney do not have a wish to isolate themselves from the wider community by setting up their own inclusive sub-societies or enclaves (Dunn, 1993, p. 234). Positive points of ethnic residential concentration: The world is expanding and many cities of Europe, USA, Asia, New Zealand and Australia have suburbs where people from different ethnic origins settle down. Many positive impacts are observed and these include cross-cultural activities, commercial vibrancy where food and artifacts from different regions are available and these zones become focal points of ethnic-specific institutions. As an example, Cabramatta is considered as a 'slice of Asia' and is now promoted as a tourist spot. Both migrant and Australian White businesses gain from the tourism. Employment opportunities, property prices and taxes for the local municipal corporations grow.

Documenting the Media revolution. Books, Version 2.0 Research Paper

Documenting the Media revolution. Books, Version 2.0 - Research Paper Example sers typically search e-books for discrete bits of information, a behaviour summed up by the formula "use rather than read."† (Staiger) History of e-books The earliest and most basic e-book format is the PDF (Portable Docment Format). It is a print-friendly format that shares a few common features with standard word-processing software. The layout is fixed and editing is not possible. It is easy to convert a Word file into PDF format by using the ‘print’ or ‘export’ commands. The next most famous format is the EPUB, which is widely compatible across many devices. Some of the hand features are ‘reflowable’ text, dynamic font size and style. Word files can be saved into EPUB formats. Likewise, programs such as â€Å"Adobe's InDesign, Apple's Pages, and OpenOffice, have EPUB as a "save-as" or "export" option.† (Brunsell and Horejsi 8) In recent years diverse array of e-book formats have risen. The major e-book formats as of today inclu de PDF, EPUB, MOBI, KF8, iBook, and others. Though some of these formats are tied into specific devices, they can be easily converted into one another using software programs like Calibre. For example, any of the above formats can be converted into the format compatible with the iPad with a conversion software. Most Android tablets have the capability to read formats used by Kindle, Nook, and Google Play Books. What’s more, these formats can also be read on computers running on conventional Windows or Mac operating systems. For instance, Adobe Digital Editions, which is free to download, allows PCs to read EPUB format. Apple’s own e-book reader iBooks â€Å"can display movies, interactive widgets, and movable 3-D objects. When the reading device is held vertically, iBooks has a traditional book appearance. Multimedia extras appear in the horizontal orientation.† (Brunsell and Horejsi 8) The two main advantages of e-books cited by library patrons were â€Å"sear chability and around-the-clock availability. The most frequently cited disadvantages were difficulty of navigation and loss of ability to perform customary research practices such as perusing and shelf-browsing because of e-books' lack of physicality.† (Abram 32) Describe the various devices, past and present, the e-books are read on The technology behind the design and creation of e-book devices is always undergoing change. Brands such as Nook and Kindle have established themselves as market leaders. Despite their impressive garnering of market share, the market is relatively nascent as the idea of e-book devices if gradually catching on. E-book devices are not competing against conventional PCs and laptops, for the e-books usually read through them are seldom read on computer screens. A prime example are novels and other fiction, which people show little inclination to read off a computer screen. Here, the e-book reading device fills an existing void in the reading preferenc es of users. Though at this point, it is difficult to predict how indispensible e-books and the devices would become, a few recent

Australia Based Huggalugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Australia Based Huggalugs - Essay Example Towels, bed sheets and blankets could be added in the company’s product repertoire. All these products can be manufactured to fit into Huggalugs’ core proposition of fashion and function. Most of the new product additions rely on the same raw materials that are used in existing products. By increasing the volume of purchase, the company can exercise more bargaining power over the suppliers of raw materials and gain a cost advantage. Likewise synergies can occur in the production processes (knitting process) as well as the channels of distribution. The skill sets of the existing labour will suffice to produce the proposed products. A product wise profitability analysis can be conducted to determine which of the items need to be removed from the present product line. The company can, after launching the proposed products, claim to be catering to the apparel needs of little ones from head to toe. These outfits would be the children’s best friend whether they are in bed or in the playground. Price A penetration pricing strategy (low price) would entail catering to the masses and dealing in volumes. However this strategy does not justify the quality of the product in question. The skimming pricing strategy (high price) on the other hand would mean that only the top rung of the society is the target market. The thoughts of ‘discounts’ and ‘value for money’ always loom large in the minds of the shoppers (in this case the parents) as kids tend to outgrow apparel pretty fast. It is therefore recommended that the company should adopt a cost plus pricing or ideally a competitive pricing model. A buyer of Huggalugs thus gets the dual benefit of function and fashion at reasonable prices. In other words, the Huggalugs brand gets associated with being stylish, multipurpose and yet inexpensive. Such a pricing strategy may prolong the break even period; however the company would be able to capture a large market share and would sta nd to gain in the long run Given that the company has increased its product range, it could use product bundle pricing. For e.g. if Baby Vintage Smitten (Legruffles) are priced at $ 15, Cheetah (Leghuggers) at $ 15 and Angel Daisy Bonnet (Beanie) at $24.95, a combination of all these 3 product items may be offered at $50. While this combo price saves $4.95 for the customer, it results in higher turnover for the company. The company should also employ ‘special event pricing’ for e.g. during Halloween and Christmas, promotional pricing may be done to encourage giving Huggalugs as gifts. The company should resort to ‘Sales’ sparingly otherwise customers tend to become ‘deal-prone’ Distribution The essence of distribution is that the product has to be made available at the place where the customer expects it to be. Furthermore customers have a tendency to form an opinion about the quality of the product on the basis of the place where it is availab le.  

The Challenge of motivating employees

The Challenge of motivating employees Challenge of motivating employees Organization has been deemed to be the strength of any viable business. The more organized and efficient the different components in the business are, the better it functions. The breaking down of tasks associated with each component in a particular organizational system has now led to the concept of job design or performance charters. Motivation is simply a process which encourages and guides behavior. Robbins and Judge define motivation as, â€Å"the process that accounts for an individuals intensity, direction, and persistence of effort towards attaining a goal†. Motivation therefore, is a goal directed behavior with factors which energize, direct and sustain employee behavior. Laurie J. Mullins (2007) states that, â€Å"the relationship between the organization and its employees is influenced by what motivates them to work, the rewards involved and the fulfillment they derive from it†. Employees today are motivated by various things of which some are considered as a needed entity or as a desired. Worldwide, organizations have focused on theories that motivate employees to be the best they can be and most of these theories of motivation have proved to be true to date. Since motivational theories were formulated in the 1950s, they have been divided into two categories; Content theories Process theories Content theories are said to be, â€Å"what motivates people† further explained as what arouses, energizes, or simply starts behavior, i.e. individual physiological and psychological needs and this focus is on internal needs. Motivation results from an individuals attempts to satisfy these needs. 1. Maslows Hierarchy of needs states that; Adult motives are complex Needs form a hierarchy lower needs to be satisfied before higher order needs People always seek growth because they want to move up the hierarchy of needs Research evidence in the Maslows Hierarchy of need theories has been said to be; Flexible hierarchy of needs Satisfaction of one need level may not decrease its importance and increase importance of the next need level It has also been found that needs vary according to; The size of the organization A persons career stage Geographical location Across cultures By employing Maslows Hierarchy of needs, several managerial implications exist; Physiological needs food and wages Safety needs a working environment that is safe as well as job security Social needs opportunity to interact, teamwork Esteem needs recognition, challenging tasks, status symbols and participation Self-actualization encourages creativity and innovation 2. Herzbergs two factor theory encompasses dual factor motivation-hygiene as it portrays two different factors. Hygiene factors: related to the context of the job Motivational factors: related to the content of the job Research in the 1950 Herzbergs two factor theory asked people to describe situations in which they found their job exceptionally good or bad. Research conclusion; Job satisfaction intrinsic factors. Builds high level of motivation and stimulates superior performance. Dissatisfaction extrinsic factors. Environmental as well as external factors to the job build a zero level of motivation if maintained. Herzbergs two factor theory research evidence also states that the theory fails to; Account for individual differences Link motivation and needs to both satisfaction and performance Consider cultural and professional differences 3. Alderfers ERG theory was developed by Clayton Alderfer and his theory collapses Maslows five categories into three categories: existence needs, relatedness needs and growth needs. ERG theory states that more than one need category may be activated at the same time. Existence needs the desire for physiological and material well-being Relatedness needs desire to satisfy interpersonal relationships Growth needs desire for continued personal growth and development The ERG theory research evidence is encouraging because it offers a more flexible approach to understanding human needs. The comparison of content theories is very interesting to analyze as it gives a more precise breakdown of theories put together. Figure 1 below is a depiction of all three theories put together. Herzberg Maslow Alderfer Higher order Intrinsic Needs Motivation Lower order Extrinsic Needs Motivation Process theories are focused on the cognitive process that influences behavior, i.e. Why an individual behaves in a particular manner and specifically deals with ‘how to motivate. This process illustrates how people choose behaviors to satisfy their needs. Victor Vrooms expectancy theory states that a persons motivation is a multiplicative function of expectancy, instrumentality and valence. Expectancy is the probability assigned by an individual that work effort will be followed by a given level of task accomplishment. -Instrumentality is the probability assigned by an individual that a given level of achieved task performance will lead to various work outcomes. -Valence is defined as the value attached by an individual to various work outcomes. Vrooms expectancy theory has various implications as regards motivation. -Motivation is sharply reduced when expectancy, instrumentality or valence approach zero. -Motivation is high when expectancy and instrumentality are high and valence is strongly positive. The expectancy theory has been seen to have managerial implications where as managers should be seen to act to maximize expectancies, instrumentalities and valence that support various organizational objectives. Research evidence on the expectancy theory has received substantial empirical support though the multiplier effect is subject to some question. It may also be useful to distinguish between extrinsic and intrinsic rewards. The expectancy theory does not specify which rewards will motivate particular groups of employees thereby allowing for cross-cultural differences. Lastly, the Porter Lawler model tries to establish a relationship between the efforts, performance and satisfaction of an individual. The most important variables in this model include effort, performance, rewards and satisfaction. In todays digital age, a large number of employees are well educated to some acceptable standard and for that most demand a reasonable salary as well as worthwhile working conditions. As motivation has conformed to some socially acceptable standards of behavior, it has been assumed to be an individual perspective. Every individual is unique because we have different desires, potential, values, goals and attitudes. The most important aspect that most employees are concerned with is their needs and wants. Todays managers have a challenge or the opportunity to influence the motivation of their employees through the design of their performance charters. Well outlined performance charters help accomplish two important goals: getting the necessary work done in a timely and competent manner, motivating and challenging employees. Both the organization as well as the employee is a beneficiary of a successfully done performance charter. Performance charter is the specification of the contents, methods and the counter relationship of jobs to fulfill organizational requirements. Mostly, employees are motivated when they are lead to accomplishments of which they can proud whilst recognizing what they have done. Warren Blank (2001) states that, â€Å"a motivational environment enables people to feel like winners†. Todays performing managers have the responsibility of designing employee performance charters. If a manager ignores this responsibility, employees will definitely design their own. It wouldnt be a surprise to see that performance charters designed by employees are more likely to be adjusted to their experiences and preferences than to the goals of the organization. It has been said once before that you cannot motivate anyone but you can provide the environment in which they can grow to their full potential. Management by objectives (MBO), â€Å"is a style or system of management that attempts to relate organizational goals to individual performance and development through the involvement of all levels of management†, encompasses time period with feedback as well as goal progression. According to Laurrie J. Mullins, the phrase ‘Management by Objectives (MBO) was first introduced by Peter Drucker in 1954 as a strategy for managing people whilst focusing on teamwork based on their ability to complete individual as well as team goals. MBOs have been seen to be effective as it helps in the alignment of an employees efforts around an organizations collective objectives. The MBO process begins with an organization defining its objectives. This is where the process of strategic planning, goal setting, visioning which generates from its process a set of objectives that the organization should always strive to achieve. The main principal underlining Management by Objectives is mainly to create empowered employees who will have clarity of the roles and responsibility expected from them, and once the objectives set are understood, it helps in the achievement of personal as well as organizational goals. Some advantages of MBO include specifically ‘clarity of goals. With clarity of goals, came the birth of SMART goals concept which Intel Specific various key factors should be present in the set objectives for them to be effective. This is where the word ‘specific is outlined because this simply describes specifically the desired results. Measurable This simply states that the objectives should be clear as to whether the objectives were met. Achievable when objectives are set, it should be seen that they are achievable. Realistic Realistic objectives in its own right is explained as goals or objectives that can be achieved coupled with the tools at an employees disposal to achieve the said objectives. Time based time based simply means a set objective has a time frame attached to it which acts as a guideline. SMART objectives ensure the delivery of greater results because they clearly and specifically address performance goals rather than broad emotions or behaviors. This concept also requires that objectives are created in collaboration with supervisors so as to be aware of their subordinates goals and supportive of their completion as well as ongoing tracking and feedback in the process to reach desired objectives. As noted in Robbins and judge, â€Å"MBO popularity should not be construed to mean that it always works†. This is normally as a result of lack of commitment by management as well as the inability in allocation of rewards based on accomplished objectives. Management by Objectives therefore, can be as a process of determining exactly what an employee is to do on the job, the tasks, duties, responsibilities, decision-making and the level of authority. The challenge being faced by managers now is that of employing the new strategies with all its opportunities in ways which not only meet an organizations needs but also the expectations as well as aspirations of the employees. Dennys Restaurant review Leadership Qualities â€Å"If you can become the leader you ought to be on the inside, you will be able to become the person you want on the outside. People will want to follow you, and when that happens you will be able to tackle anything in this world.† John Maxwell We at Dennys are constantly striving to identify quality minority and women businesses to support the needs of our company. Because we see diversity as an asset, we will attract and develop talent from the full range of the worlds rich cultural base. Dennys Vision mission. Despite having a clearly stated vision and mission, its management failed to publicly communicate the causes of the discrimination incidences they were amassed with as well as the actions Dennys management was taking to counter check the reoccurrence of those incidents. A leader is said to be an individual with suitable knowledge and desirable skills to lead groups to achieve their goals willingly. It is noted in Lasting Leadership that, â€Å"the spirit of the people† is a big part of what management experts mean when they talk about corporate culture. The beliefs and values that guide employee behavior can improve performance by motivating workers toward a common goal and instilling in them a sense of purpose. There are several indicators, which can help us to outline the strength of our leadership. The most important leadership quality that one needs to exhibit in todays world is ‘honesty. A leader should always be honest to his task, his products or services, his people and most importantly to his customers. This quality of leadership should not only exist but also should be seen to exist in by all stakeholders in the organization. John C. Maxwell in an extract of his book by George Wells states that, â€Å"while leaders need to connect publicly with large groups of people, the same thing needs to happen on a one-to-one basis between individuals. Maxwell tells how his staff used to groan when he would say People dont care how much you know until they know how much you care because he quoted the saying so often, but it is true. You develop credibility with people when you connect with them and show that you genuinely want to help them. Everybody wants to be somebody† If you treat every person you meet as if he or she were the most important person in the world, youll communicate that he or she is somebody to you. Of course, the respect needs to be genuine at all times otherwise people will rapidly sense that they are being manipulated otherwise. Dennys Restaurant management should have been able to realize that customer complaints are company failures and these require immediate attention. Ultimately, spending money in hopes of making money is an organizations goal but every dollar paid out to offset various customers who were dissatisfied is a signal that an organization must change in some decisive way. The Vidsoft Triangle Every little thing we do has positive, negative or neutral impact on teams motivation. Vidsoft case is one among the few companies that come across case of team based management problems that are faced by employees. Analysis of Vidsoft Vidsoft technologies was an internet company designing enterprise software and in June 1999, its quarterly revenues grew from $50M to over $250M year ending 2000 while employee base rose from 500 to 2,000. Babatunde graduated from Darden graduate of business administration in may 1998. He moved to California to get a job with Vidsoft technologies as senior technical support engineer. Alex Hsu was employed as technical support engineer and reported directly to babatunde. Even though Hsu was not good at team work, he was hired to bring varied culture as well as experience to vidsoft due to his previous record Babatunde made a public decision of promoting one of his engineers to be manager. Hsu reported some displeasure about his new supervisor Jennah Li as she was deemed to be an inexperienced manager and babatunde was unsure of what decision to make as he was the overall among the two despite having fears about taking sides. Keith Nash as CEO of vidsoft developed a culture that encourages its employees to speak their minds as excellence of employees was followed with promotions. Vidsoft as an organization encouraged teamwork and thus were awarded bonuses for collectively working together. Keith Nash believed in the culture of promoting from within as a motivational tool for employees until after vidsoft went public because this brought a mass influx of talent as well as wages became high. Vidsoft ended up falling back on its employees in terms of hiring due to costs so as to train them to keep up with the pace. Babatunde initially employed a micro-management style of management where he kept a close eye on all his employees in hopes that his team succeeds but this had to change as employee numbers rose. He then changed his style of management by using set objectives for each team to achieve desired goals. As babatundes responsibilities grew, he saw it necessary to change his reporting structure to reduce the number of people reporting to him so to manage more effectively. This led to him promoting one of his engineers ‘Jennah Li to manage one of the product lines. Jennah Li in regards to Hsu was hired for her skills in managing customer relations despite English not being her strength; she was awarded for being the best team player. In vidsofts operational history, White was one of the first employers to run the technical support department and set stringent goals to be met by his fellow employees. He took an active role in ensuring that any team under his command did well to meet his standards. James White made a decision to hire babatunde because of his MBA training and trusted him to an extent of giving him all powers to make various decisions affecting the organization with his guidance. THE SOLUTION Babatunde at this point should be able to realize that workplace conflicts and unresolved differences can be the cause of negative performance of teams or generally employees. Furthermore, existing physical and psychological differences can escalate if conflict remains unaddressed by vidsoft managers as well as team members. From the onset, babatunde was aware that Hsu was not a team player and this should have been a starting point of making things clear to him that for him to succeed, he had to work in collaboration with other team members. It was observed that being a team player for Hsu as observed is a road he hasnt travelled and requires some skill and effort from babatunde. Hsu should be made to realize that teamwork is about assuming positive intent and seeing things from all sides in detail. Everyone has unique gifts and abilities. Recognizing these and appreciating them can be very useful especially in the case of two people with different skills because they can complement each other very powerfully when they work together. Its about acknowledging and accepting differences, and exploring alternative solutions that meet everyones needs and concerns as it is important to everyone, and all sides ‘Hsu and Ali need to be committed to the solution. Both parties should agree that the goal is to fix the problem not to assign blame, hurt, humiliate, or threaten the one another. Babatundes job now is to focus on the issue, present and future, and on solutions available. They should be made aware that the situation must change and identify consequences if it does not. Keith Nash as CEO of Vidsoft should make things clear from the onset of employment that individuals are different at times as regards to each others needs. Sometimes workplace issues are evaded or ignored completely but generally, this is not a useful long term solution as the workplace is never small enough to avoid someone completely. Some guidelines should be put in place to for conflict resolution. Every employee upon being taken under vidsoft should be made aware that; Conflict and grievances are present within the workplace Improved communication within the workplace will avoid conflicts Establish performance expectations and consequences if expectations are not met. Lastly Vidsoft should have a written resolution and agreement regarding behavior within the workplace which should be adhered by both the employer as well as the employee. Babatunde should provide the leadership that enables his teams to productively work together and as much as possible, work with employees individually and encourage them to address the conflict directly with each other.